Ib Economics Commentary 1 - Microeconomics Essay Example for Free

Ib Economics Commentary 1 Microeconomics EssayRebecca Bundhun, (October 19, 2012) Cost of summer getaways puddle as air ticket hurts gussy up, The National, http//www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/tourism/cost-of-summer-getaways-hit-as-air-ticket-prices-riseThe cost of an airline ticket can fluctuate tremendously based on a number of factors. The finish of airlines is to maximize their capacity by having the greatest number of passengers on all trips. This may however be difficult, as airlines pricing is not only dictate by their own operating costs and profit margins required but they have to consider complementary items that could have an effect on supply and ingest for their product. By definition, demand theory explains the inverse relationship between quantity and price. This law explains that if the quantity avail qualified of a product or service precious by the public is low, the price for that product or service will be high. As demand f or a product or service increases, the price will increase. This law is critical as we are able to look for prices based on the demand of a product. In the case of airlines, they are able to prognosticate that prices for their services will go up during the high travel months. People are willing to pay more for travel during the summer months, as they know that supply is limited and their available time is defined by their vacation schedules.If we were to graph this scenario, we would find that price and quantity relationship creates a level best efficiency point called equilibrium point. The equilibrium point tells us the best combination of price and quantity. With the graph below, we can illustrate that some travelers will be forced to cancel their travel plans due to high ticket costs, just as we can identify travelers that will have to fly no bailiwick what the cost of the fare is. However what economists tend to focus on is trying to find an equilibrium point between price and quantity.As we know, airlines provide a service to clients by connecting passengers to desired destinations worldwide. Although prices tend to be set by supply and demand, they are also exposed to externalities. An externality occurs when the actions of consumers or producers give rise to positive or negative side effects on other spate, who are not part of these actions and whose interests are not taken into consideration. A improve example of a negative externality is the rise of jet fuel. As a barrel of oil rises, the price of jet fuel also rises and in that locationfore the price of an airline ticket also rises. Externalities can create a positive or negative demand or effect on a product or service.Price elasticity of demand is a term that helps us understand the measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to changes in price. In general, if there is a large responsiveness of the quantity demanded, the demand is referred to as being elastic, if there is a sma ll responsiveness, demand is inelastic. flight paths take advantage of the existence of inelasticity. Mr. DSouza states in the article, People are still flying. People traditionally plan these breaks, and regardless of the price, they fly.The demand is very, very high. On the contrary, airlines understand price elasticity and using up this well. They know that fare prices can be considered both elastic and inelastic based on the circumstance the traveler finds themselves in. Airlines study their client base, their competitors, and use patterns to predict the behavior of clients based on the condition. They know the probabilities of travelers changing to an alternative airline if their price rises, if they modify their routes, but close of all, they use price elasticity to predict the success of promotions offered by themselves or any other competitor.Airlines want to lure business by creating special values and convince unplanned tourists to take the trip. verbalize an average t icket price from Dallas to Las Vegas is $550.00 airlines will create a promotional price and may offer the same route for $199.00. Since the price is so low, people will often forget that they are taking an unplanned trip and will justify the trip by thinking about the cost savings realized and not of the unplanned expense. The demand curve below shows how changes in price lead to changes in the quantity demanded.Although airline tickets are considered elastic and inelastic, most economists consider it elastic unless travel is done for business use. Domestic airline travel can be substituted by bus transportation, automobile, train etc. Airline travel is elastic especially as the persons income increases so their opportunity for travel increases and they will be more likely to afford the renewal in cost.

A Degree for Meter Readers Essay Example for Free

A Degree for thousand Readers EssaySouth Illinois Electric Company is a Member-Owned, Non-Profit Service Organization whose mission is to provide our member-owners with competitively priced, reliable electricity, superior customer service and innovative solutions to enhance the quality of life in our communities. Organized in 1938 for the purpose of making electricity usable to rural areas, South Eastern Illinois Electric Cooperative has grown steadily and now serves over 23,000 accounts through some 3,500 miles of power line.(South Eastern Illinois Electric Cooperative, Inc. ) Meter Readers A meter reader is a public-service corporation employee who reads consumption meters for the purpose of billing. He or she may read gas, electric, and water meters, in addition to inspecting meters and utility boxes to confirm that they are in good condition, and checking for signs of tampering or fraud. There are no educational requirements for members of this profession, although most m eter readers hold a postgraduate school diploma.The need for this profession is also on the decline, as many utilities have turned to automated systems which read meters remotely or read macro numbers of meters via handheld units which communicate wirelessly, reducing the need for employees. Every meter reader has a route that he or she follows. Many often ended large portions of their route on foot, driving to a central point and fanning out from their vehicles, so they need to be in good physical condition. They must also be willing to tolerate inclement weather, as meter readings are not canceled for things like rain.See moreThe Story of an Hour literary Analysis EssayEach one carries a handheld device which is used to record meter data or to interface directly with meters to realise data. At each household on the meter readers route, he or she notes down the customer identification and the reading on the customers meter. People in this bit often face challenges like locked gates, hostile dogs, or inaccessible meters along their routes, although many utilities issue meter reading dates to their customers and ask them to plan ahead for their reading.If a meter cannot be read, the meter reader leaves an appointment card, asking to reschedule a date to read the meter. Once the meter readers route is finished, he or she returns to the office to submit the data to the billing department, and bills are issued. Because most utilities cover a large area, there are usually enough routes to keep readers interfering every day. Many grow very familiar with their routes and they are able to complete themquickly.Working as a meter reader requires a towering degree of self-discipline, because people in this position work alone in the field, without supervision. They may have varying degrees of interaction with the public, depending on when they set out on their routes and the communities they work in. Experienced meter readers may also periodically be asked to acco mpany trainees as they learn the process of meter reading and following a route.

Jurisdictions and Functions of the FBI

Jurisdictions and Functions of the FBIThe criminal justice system consists of several government agencies whose work is to track, capture, and punish criminals. These agencies each have their roles, responsibilities, and jurisdictions which they operate. It is the reason why there are limited differentiations such as the Orange County Sheriffs Department, the New York Police Department, O.C Superior Court, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and so on. The current report focuses on the Federal self-assurance of investigating and asserts some of its core characteristics and roles in the criminal justice system field. The article divides into the agency description, jurisdictions authority and the scope of the responsibilities, the specific duties that are designate to them, and the indispensabilitys of eligibility for whatsoeverone wishing to join the agency. AGENCY DESCRIPTIONThe FBI protects and defends the fall in States against threats from any terrorist and opposed intelligence, uphold and enforce criminal laws, and provide leadership and criminal justice function to the federal, state, municipal, and international agencies, and partners. Public safety is of core importance to the FBI. The agencys headquarters are in Washington, DC. The location is strategic as it provides a alter operational policy, which makes it easy to provide administrative support to FBI investigations. The core investigative and intelligence work is accomplished by 56 field locationrs situated in major U.S. cities and over 370 resident agencies, dubbed RAs, from all over the country. The RAs are satellite offices which are meant to give a feel that the FBI is c one timerned over the topical anaesthetic community welfare. There are 64 Legal Attach (Legat) offices, and 14 sub-offices in 67 countries across the globe (FBI n.p.). The core values of the FBI include severe obedience to the Constitution, respect for the U.S. citizens dignity, fairness, compassion, personal and profess ional dignity, non-compromise of individual and institutional integrity, and accountability (FBI Jobs 5). The current FBI Director is Christopher Wray, who has served as number eight in the position since rarefied 2017 to present. other senior staff include David Bowdich as the Deputy Directory, the Associate Deputy Director Paul Abbate, and Zachary Harmon who is the Chief of Staff (FBI Leadership & Structure n.p.). The office of the Director/Deputy Director/ Associate Deputy Directors has the following further divisions finance and facilities, information management, inspection, the office of the Chief entropy Officer, Congressional Affairs, EEO Affairs, General Counsel, legality and Compliance, Ombudsman, Professional Responsibility, Public Affairs, and Resource Planning. FBI JURISDICTION AND SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILITIESThe authority held by the FBI allows the agency tomake arrests for federal crimes attached. However, its jurisdiction and thatof federal officers may go beyond th ese functions in some cases. For example, an FBI agent is allowed to makean arrest whenever they come across a crimebeing committed. Other instances includearresting individuals believed to have committed a crime, or in the process ofdoing so as long as there is irrefutable evidence that proves the officersclaim (Leopulsen.p.). The FBItypically work in conjunction with thelocal policies. Its investigative authority is nonetheless, the broadest of allfederal law enforcement agencies. Its strategic approach stresses long-term andcomplex investigations, which emphasize the close working relationships with some other agencies from federal, state such as Interpol, foreign police and security officers in Washington,local, international law enforcement and intelligence agencies (Office of the United StatesAttorneys n.p.). The liaison andinformation sharing practices conducted amidst the FBI and any international law enforcement agencies is mediated by executive orders, laws,treaties, Atto rney General Guidelines, FBI governing policies, and interagencyagreements (FBI International Operations n.p.). These guidelines allow forgreater uniformity and bind for both(prenominal) national and international objectives. FBI FUNCTIONSAccording to the Office of the United StatesAttorneys, the FBI agency isdivided into seven programs that help it achieve its objectives. Theyinclude applicator matter, gracious rights, counterterrorism, foreigncounterintelligence, organized crimes/drugs, violent crimes and major offenders, and financial crime(n.p.). These are the primaryresponsibilities of the FBI as dictated by the law. However, due to thedifferences in size, potential impacts or aesthesia of the individual cases,the scope of investigation may vary with extensive attention paid to crimesthat demand so. However, the scope of responsibility for the FBI is as followsaccording to FDIAgentEDU.org(n.p,) & Leopulse (n.p.)Terrorism. The Federal Bureau of Investigation identifies, inv estigates,disrupts, and arrests those with terrorist intentions (both domestic and international).This function is considered to be the most importantand requires the utilization of diverse and specializedskill sets. The terrorist group as well as detains and interrogates any knownterrorist groups or individuals on the U.S. soil Organized Crime. The function covers many kinds of well-structured,persistent, criminal enterprises such as the Italian Mafia, illegal gambling,and sports bribery. The agency is now capable of observing and arrangementprominent organized crime activities in foreign countries to track associates. Aside from the Mafia, the FBI covers organizedcrime in the Balkans, the Middle East,Asia, Africa, Eurasia, and South America.Civil Rights. The FBI alsoprotects and upholds all civil rights ofthe U.S. citizens. It prevents the persecution of civil rights through suchactivities such as pursuing hate crimes cases, human trafficking, and so on.Alternatively, it protect s the rights to accesspublic institutions such as libraries, schools, government offices, andhospitals.Public Corruption. The FBI also concerns itself with the protection of the public against publiccorruption that arises through scenarios such as election fraud, governmentbribery, and any other instances that would undermine the democracy that theU.S. champions. It operates as the watchdog to government operations, usingtechnology to oversee all transactions and behaviorsof public officials. White-Collar Crime. The FBI is at the forefront of preventing orfighting against white-collar crimes suchas mortgage fraud, money laundering, and securities fraud, antitrust, andintellectual property theft. Also related to such cases would include internetschemes, identity theft, or large-scale investing scams.Violent Crimes and Major Thefts. closed chain members and online predators are part of the responsibility scope of theFBI. Property theft rings and bank robbers are also considered part of theviolent crimes and significant theft division and jurisdiction of the FBI. They work with local police and providethe relevant skills to control dangerous crimes. The agency also maintains adatabase of stolen artwork and those responsible for the theft.Cyber Crime. The FBI also searches for good deal that carry outcomputer attacks and intrusion. Offering protection for private information,internet fraud, and identity theft are part of the FBIs scope ofresponsibilities. They carry these activities both offensively and defensively.REQUIREMENTS The FBI employs severalpeople to fill in positions as field agents or professional staff, eachof which has different requirements for entry-level positions. However, to apply for any of the posts, one essential fulfill thefollowing conditionsDisqualifiersAutomatic deselection of applied outlooks will takeplace for individuals who are non-U.S. citizens, have a history of convictionfor a felony, violated the call of theFBI Employment Dr ug Policy, defaulted student loans, or the failure to pass anFBI-administered drug test. Also, if one fails to register with the SelectiveService System, they stand to fact automatic disqualification. Although, thisrequirement only applies to the male candidates. Further, any activity orattempt to or is designed to overthrowthe U.S government by force is not treatedkindly. Other conditions include the failure to pay child support or failing to file federal, state, or local incometax returns (FBI Jobs 12).EmploymentDrug Policy The FBI prides itself onbeing a drug-free society and workplace and does not hire applicants whocurrently use illegal drugs, misuse orabuse drugs or any other substances. Another instance of disqualificationoccurs when the candidate is believed (with proof) to have misrepresented theirdrug history relative to their application. Candidates may not have usedmarijuana for one-third years preceding their application, and medical forms cannotbe used as mitigating f actors whatsoever.The use of illegal drugs requires the candidates to be clean for more than tenyears before their FBI application. In attachment to this, they should not havebeen involved in the manufacture, distribution, transportation, or sold illegaldrugs without a permit. The same case applies for prescription drugs such asanabolic steroids (FBI Jobs 13). BackgroundInvestigationCandidates mustiness receive the FBI Top Secret SecurityClearance after completion of the FBI Background Investigation. The IntensiveBackground Investigation follows, and once proceeds forward with employmentafter passing. Preliminary requirements include the use of the polygraphexamination, illegal drug use test, credit and records checks, and extensiveinterviews with people close to the candidate such as former and currentcolleagues, neighbors, professors, andfriends (FBI Jobs 14). OtherQualificationsCandidates must possess at least a degree before applying for an FBI entry job position.If the applic ant provides a degree not obtained from an accredited universityor college in the United States, then it must be of equivalent certification atthe time of the application. modernistic degrees may take precedence over aforeign bachelors degree. The agency tests both physical and mental skills.All FBI personnel must exhibit leadership, collaboration, organization,planning, problem solving and judgment, flexibility or adaptability,initiative, and communication. These must be evidenced in the application,providing evidence as to how each of these competenciesare demonstrated. In addition to these,the candidate must score high on intelligence, self-discipline, and mentalstability. Another condition is that one must have been successfully employed in a full-time professional work settingwith three years experience and with a 6-month valid drivers license. The ageshould not exceed 36 before the fullappointment (FBIJobs 18). Works CitedFBI Jobs. EmploymentEligibility. Department of Justice , https//www.fbijobs.gov/working-at-fbi/eligibilityFBI Jobs.Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Selection Process CandidateInformation Packet. Department of Justice, 2017,www.fbijobs.gov/sites/default/files/Special_Agent_Candidate_Information_Packet.pdf.FBI.Federal Bureau of Investigations Summary. Department of Justice, 2013,www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/jmd/legacy/2013/10/08/fy13-fbi-bud-summary.pdf. FDIAgentEDU.org.Examples of the FBIs Jurisdiction. How to Become an FBI Agent? 2014 https//www.fbiagentedu.org/2014/06/examples-of-the-fbis-jurisdiction/FederalBureau of Investigations. International Operations. FBI, FBI, 14 June2016, www.fbi.gov/ closely/leadership-and-structure/international-operations. FederalBureau of Investigations. Leadership & Structure. FBI, FBI, 14July 2016, www.fbi.gov/about/leadership-and-structure. Leopulse.FBI Jurisdiction & Investigative Priorities. Drug EnforcementAdministrations Jurisdiction & Investigative Priorities LEO Pulse,2018, w ww.leopulse.com/research/federal/fbi/jurisdiction-investigations. Officeof the United States Attorneys. 9. A FBIOrganizational Structure and Investigative Jurisdiction. The United StatesDepartment of Justice, 18 Dec. 2015, https//www.justice.gov/usam/organization-and-functions-manual-9-fbi-organizational-structure-and-investigative-jurisdiction

The Effects Of Homophobic Bullying Social Work Essay

The effects Of Homophobic Bullying affable Work EssayThe stigma and prejudice attached to homo knowledgeableity encourages the perpetuation of discriminatory bullying against the lesbian, gay, sissyish and Trans gender (LGBT) young by their peers. Bullying can take the form of homophobic epithets, cozy harassment and even violence. The class room has been described by affable psychologists as the most homophobic of all institutions. This paper examines the effects of homophobic bullying on the physical and mental wellness of the LGBT youth which is characterized by low gear, suicide ideation and engaging in fortuney miens (alcohol and philia abuse). The paper excessively analyses the buffering effects provided by positive school climate, p arental and peer remain firm as well as personal resilience.Keywords LGBT youth, homophobic bullying, depression, hostile school climate, suicide ideationThe Effects of Homophobic Bullying on the Mental and Physical Health of LGBT you nkerThe Buffering Effects of Positive School Climate and Parental SupportA Review of the LiteratureIn todays permissive society an increasing number of adolescents who are in their early and middle teens (Middle and High school students) have begun to come out of the proverbial clo fasten. However, even in this day and age our society is for the most part intolerant of deviation from gender norms prescribed by the culture. This makes it especially challenging for lesbian, gay, bi internal and transgender (LGBT) youth who are struggling and trying to come to terms with their sexual identity and orientation. The stigma attached to homosexuality encourages the perpetuation of homophobic bullying against the LGBT youth by their peers. It is a matter of immense concern to the doctors, psychologists and the entire residential district that thither is a high-pitched incidence of suicide within this sexual minority group as compared to the heterosexual youth. This literature review focu ses on homophobic bullying and its effects on the LGBT youth who are at a challenging stage in life and are struggling with their feelings about sexual orientation and sexual gender. The effects of homophobic bullying on gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender youth encompass challenges to their psycho kindly development, emotional di variant an increase in risky behavior (substance abuse), depression and suicide ideation. However, the literature review also highlights the buffering effects of a positive school environment and positive parental relations against negative effects of homophobic bullying.Homophobic Teasing and General Peer VictimizationHomophobic teasing, peer using and gender non-conformity attitudes are some important mental health issues sloped by the LGBT youth as resoluteness of their sexual orientation. Homophobic teasing is often long-term, system of rulesatic, and perpetrated by groups of students it places the targets at risk for greater suicide ideation, depression and isolation. Homophobic teasing includes negative beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes and behaviors towards gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender youth, and can take the form of verbal and/or physical abuse, and in todays advanced technological age cyber abuse. Peer victimization can take the form of verbal insults, threats of violence, physical assault, and sexual assault (Espelage, Aragon, Birkett Koenig, 2008). A 2009 survey of more than 7,000 LGBT middle and high school students aged 13-21 geezerhood found that in the past year, because of their sexual orientation Eight of ten students had been verbally chevvy at school four of ten had been physically harassed at school six of ten felt unsafe at school and one of five had been the victim of a physical assault at school (cdc.gov).Challenges to Psycho Social DevelopmentAccording to Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development all individuals must master particular developmental tasks during the adolescent years in order to lead productive and florid lives. These tasks include adjusting to the physical and emotional changes of puberty, forming practical social and functioning relationships with peers, accomplishing independence from primary care takers, preparing for a career, and institution of a unique identity and a set of moral values (McDermott, Roen Scourfield 2008). However, for the LGBT adolescents achieving these developmental goals is challenged by the stress of being part of a stigmatized group. These youth also have to contend with a neediness or absence of a body forth system much(prenominal) as family rejection, social isolation and harassment by peers and feelings of hallucination with the school as a military issue of consistent homophobic bullying.Emotional DistressThe social climate of our nation promotes heterosexist attitudes and these views are up held by our social institutions such(prenominal) as families, schools, the church, and government institutions. The se prejudiced attitudes result in gay related stress for the LGBT youth who experience a unique set of stressors related directly to being sexual minorities within a heterosexually oriented society. These stressors may be both external (homophobic bullying, family rejection), and internal (internalized homophobia) in nature From the beat they are children the youth have been barraged by negative attitudes towards homosexuality and this can lead to the internalization of homophobic sentiments. Internalized homophobia often results in feelings of discredit and disgust towards ones sexual orientation which has been reinforced by family and society and can create conflict and dissonance and lead to emotional distress (Rosario Schrimshaw 2002).School Alienation and Lack of Social SupportThe constant flow of negative information regarding gender non -conformity and homosexuality from figures of authority such as parents, teachers, the clergy, and government officials encourages discri minatory and prejudicial behavior towards the sexual minority group by fellow students. Their heterosexist tendencies are manifested through homophobic bullying, social isolation and violence towards the vulnerable LGBT adolescents. Peer victimization can result in creating a hostile school environment and promotes feelings of alienation from school. An on-line research conducted on 3,450 public and private students (ages13-18) in the U.S found that 88% of the students inform that homophobic remarks were used in the teachers presence and that teachers and staff failed to intervene during these incidents (Espelage 2008). These findings clearly indicate that teachers and staffs failure to intervene encourages and promotes peer victimization and homophobic teasing and creates and sustains a hostile environment for lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender youth.Having a strong social moderate system (family, peers, and teachers) is vital to maintaining mental and emotional health. It works as a buffer against stress elevates a persons self-confidence and self-esteem reduces feelings of loneliness and isolation to name a few. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans gender youth have lack or absence of a social support system by virtue of their sexual orientation that is negatively sanctioned by the heterosexual society. They face family rejection after coming out, social isolation by their peers, and many adults fear discrimination, job loss, and abuse if they openly support LGBT youth. Thus there is a lack of positive role models and support system which makes it more challenging to cope with the stress produced by stigmatization (Padilla, Crisp Rew 2011).Depression, Substance Abuse, and Suicide IdeationSuicidal ideation is defined as thoughts of engaging in suicide-related behavior. It can range from passive ideation- having the thought but not the intent to active ideation which includes intent as well as a plan to psychic trauma oneself. Suicidality has a number o f risk factors as well as a number of protective factors. Among LGB individuals there is a higher incidence of risk factors and there are less protective factors in place. There is, for example, a higher incidence of important suicide risk factors such as depression and substance abuse in LGB youth compared to their heterosexual peers. These associations between mood disorders are borne out by research studies (Malley, Posner, Potter, 2008). Also, LGB individuals often experience a lack of support at home and are deprived of positive environments in their schools due to avoidance or bullying. Within the LGB cohort certain factors can affect the risk of suicidality as well-for example the younger the age at which the individual discloses sexuality the higher the risk of suicide. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007), It has been astray reported that gay and lesbian youth are two to three times more likely to commit suicide than other youth and that th irty percent of all attempted or completed youth suicides are related to issues of sexual identity. The Suicide Prevention Resource Centre (2008) in the united States noted a 1.5 to 7 fold (depending on the study) increased risk of attempted suicide in LGB youth as compared to their heterosexual peers. A limit study commissioned by the US Secretary of Health found that one third of all sexual minority youth suicides occur forward the age of seventeen (Malley, Posner, Potter, 2008). Padilla, Crisp, and Rew (2010) found that in the adolescent population sexual minorities have a much higher rate of medicate use with bestow factors including a greater number of psychological stressors and poor social networks. They also noted that when parents accepted the adolescents sexual orientation the impact of life stressors was decreased significantly.Buffering Effects Provided by Parental Support and Positive School Climate and ResilienceAs mentioned previously there is a greater prevalen ce of psychological problems and high risk behaviors in LGBT youth then in their heterosexual peers. These include mood disorders, suicidal thoughts and substance abuse. Espelage, Aragon, Birkett and Koenig (2008) and Poteat, Mereish, Di Giovanni Koenig(2011) highlighted the crucial role a support system plays in preventing psychiatric and other behavioral problems in LGBT youth. Two important and beneficial support networks identified were the first of which were communicative and empathic parents and the second affirming and healthy school environments. The presence of both these networks corresponded with a markedly reduced incidence of psychological problems, suicide and substance use compared to individual where there was a lack of these support systems. Parental support and acceptance also seems to foster resilience and improve coping skills.It appears from the review of relevant literature that contrary to popular erudition and despite the efforts of most sections of the me dia as well as many social organizations, general and unconditional acceptance of LGBT individual remains the exception and not the norm. The alienation and stigmatization is achieved through both passive (social ostracization, not standing up for LGBT rights) and aggressive (violence and emotional homophobic bullying) means and is aggravated by the absence of a buffer against these assaults in the form of parental acceptance and positive school environments. These findings do not differ much from those of earlier studies or from studies of other minorities that face prejudices. We know that the problem exists and we have identified the enabling, aggravating and protective factors. What remains to be seen is whether society will show the will to follow words with actions. What may also be beneficial is to conduct larger studies with more statistical power so that the facts can be ascertained with a greater spot of confidence.Annotated BibliographyCenter for Disease Control and Prev ention (2011, May 19). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http//www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/youth.htmThis website provides statistics on the prevalence of homophobic bullying in the schools. Since community psychology focuses on social issues and social institutions it is of particular interest to community psychologists that our sexual minority youth are facing harassment and violence at the hands of these social institutions such as schools, church and governmental organizations.Espelage, D.M. (2008). Addressing research gaps in the intersection between homophobia and bullying. School Psychology Review, 37 (2), 155-58.Homophobic bullying is a pressing and conterminous problem facing our community since it affects adolescents who are members of a sexual minority group. One of the primitive principles of Community psychology is a respect for diversity which includes die hard ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and social class.Espelage, D. L ., Aragon, S. R., Birkett, M., Koenig, B. W. (2008). Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students What influence does parents and schools have? School Psychology Review, 37(2), 202-216.Another fundamental principle of Community Psychology is ecological perspective and multiple levels of intervention. LGBT youth face an increased risk of mental and emotional problems as a result of stigmatization of their sexual orientation. It is of interest to the community psychologist that the youths positive parental (microsystem) and school (microsystem) involvement help as a buffer to void the effects of stigmatization.McDermott, E., Roen, K., Scourfield, J. (2008). Avoiding shame young LGBT people, homophobia and self-destructive behaviors. Culture, Health Sexuality, 10(8), 815-829. inside10.1080/13691050802380974Since community psychology focuses on social issues and social institutions it is of particular interest to community psychologis ts that our sexual minority youth are facing harassment and violence at the hands of these social institutions such as schools, church and governmental organizations.Padilla, Y. C., Crisp, C., Rew, D. (2010). Parental acceptance and illegal drug use among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents Results from a national survey. Social Work, 55(3), 265-275.Community psychologists are interested in the effects of social support on our youth. Since social support has been shown to promote and maintain physical and mental wellbeing and also helps in the development of resiliency in youth who are at risk such as the sexual minority youth.Poteat, V., Mereish, E. H., DiGiovanni, C. D., Koenig, B. W. (2011). The effects of general and homophobic victimization on adolescents psychosocial and educational concerns The grandeur of intersecting identities and parent support. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 597-609. doi10.1037/a0025095Another fundamental principle of Community Psychology is ecological perspective and multiple levels of intervention. LGBT youth face an increased risk of mental and emotional problems as a result of stigmatization of their sexual orientation. It is of interest to the community psychologist that the youths positive parental (microsystem) and school (microsystem) involvement help as a buffer to negate the effects of stigmatization.Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., Hunter, J., Gwadz, M. (2002). Gay-related stress and emotional distress among gay, lesbian and bisexual youths A longitudinal examination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 967-975. doi10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.967Since community psychology focuses on social issues and social institutions it is of particular interest to community psychologists that our sexual minority youth are facing harassment and violence at the hands of these social institutions such as schools, church and governmental organizations.Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (2008). Suicide risk a nd prevention for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Newton, MA Education Development Center, Inc.Community psychology advocates the importance of context and environment because our behaviors are governed by the expectations and demands of given situations. It is vital to study the social environment of the LGBT youth to figure out what interventions can be do in order to prevent suicide within this population.

Interrupts and interrupt applications

Interrupts and infract applications8086 Interrupts And Interrupt ApplicationsIntroductionMicroprocessors are computers built on adept IC. There rout out be much ICs also spendd for this. Most microprocessors allow normal program act to be bumped by virtually away portend or by a special educational activity in the program. In response to an crash the microprocessor stops executing its live program and calls a procedure which sevices the erupt. An IRET pedagogy at the endof the crack up do procedure returns execution to the stop program.8086 Interrupts And Interrupt ResponsesAn 8086 conk out can put in from whatsoever unmatchable of three sources. One source is an external signal applied to the non-maskable get around (NMI) stimulant drug pin or to the collapse input pin. An discover casingd by a signal applied to one of these inputs is referred to as a hardware interrupt. A second source of an interrupt is execution of the interrupt instruction. This is re ferred to as a software interrupt. The third source of an interrupt is some error condition produced in the 8086 by the execution of an instruction. An grammatical case of this is the divide by set interrupt. If you attempt to divide an operand by zero, the 8086 will automatically interrupt the currently executing program. At the end of each instruction cycle, the 8086 checks to see if any interrupts meet been requested. If an interrupt has been requested, the 8086 responds to the interrupt by stepping through the following series of major actions1) It decrements the stack pointer by 2 and pushes the flag register on the stack.2) It disables the 8086 INTR interrupt input by clearing the interrupt flag in the flag register.3) It resets the trap flag in the flag register.4) It decrements the stack pointer by 2 and pushes the current code segment register content on the stack.5) It decrements the stack pointer again by 2 and pushes the current instruction pointer contents on the st ack.8086 Interrupt TypesThe preceding sections used the type 0 interrupts an example of how the 8086 interrupts function. It has hardware fixd NMI interrupt, the software interrupts produced by the INT instruction, and the hardware interrupt produced by applying a signal to the INTR input pin.DIVIDE-BY-ZERO INTERRUPT-TYPE 0The 8086 will automatically do a type 0 interrupt if the result of a DIV operation or an IDIV operation is in addition large to fit in the destination register. For a type 0 interrupt, the 8086 pushes the flag register on the stack, resets IF and TF and pushes the return addresses on the stack.SINGLE STEP INTERRUPT-TYPE 1The use of single step feature arrange in some monitor programs and debugger programs. When you tell a system to single step, it will execute one instruction and stop. If they are conciliate we can tell a system to single step, it will execute one instruction and stop. We can hence lay out the contents of registers and memory locations. In other words, when in single step mode a system will stop after it executes each instruction and wait for further direction from you. The 8086 trap flag and type 1 interrupt response make it quite easy to practice a single step feature direction.NONMASKABLE INTERRUPT-TYPE 2The 8086 will automatically do a type 2 interrupt response when it receives a low to high diversity on its NMI pin. When it does a type 2 interrupt, the 8086 will push the flags on the stack, reset TF and IF, and push the CS esteem and the IP value for the next instruction on the stack. It will then get the CS value for the start of the type 2 interrupt service procedure from address 0000AH and the IP value for the start of the procedure from address 00008H.BREAKPOINT INTERRUPT-TYPE 3The type 3 interrupt is produced by execution of the INT3 instruction. The main use of the type 3 interrupt is to implement a breakpoint function in a system. When we insert a breakpoint, the system executes the instructions up to t he breakpoint and then goes to the breakpoint procedure. Unlikethe single step which stops execution after each instruction, the breakpoint feature executes all the instructions up to the inserted breakpoint and then stops execution.OVERFLOW INTERRUPT-TYPE4The 8086 anyplaceflow flag will be set if the gestural result of an arithmetic operation on two signed numbers is too large to be represented in the destination register or memory location. For example, if you add the 8 bit signed number 01101100 and the 8 bit signed number 010111101, the result will be 10111101. This would be the correct result if we were adding unsigned binary numbers, but it is not the correct signed result.SOFTWARE INTERRUPTS-TYPE O THROUGH 255The 8086 INT instruction can be used to cause the 8086 to do any one of the 256 possible interrupt types. The desired interrupt type is specified as surgical incision of the instruction. The instruction INT32, for example will cause the 8086 to do a type 32 interrupt response. The 8086 will push the flag register on the stack, reset TF and IF, and push the CS and IP value of the next instruction on the stack.INTR INTERRUPTS-TYPES 0 THROUGH 255The 8086 INTR input allows some external signal to interrupt execution of a program. Unlike the NMI input, however, INTR can be masked so that it cannot cause an interrupt. If the interrupt flag is cleared, then the INTR input is disabled. IF can be cleared at any meter with CLEAR instruction. anteriority OF 8086 INTERRUPTSIf two or more interrupts occur at the same time then the highest precession interrupt will be serviced first, and then the next highest priority interrupt will be serviced. As a example suppose that the INTR input is enabled, the 8086 receives an INTR signal during the execution of a divide instruction, and the divide operation produces a divide by zero interrupt. Since the internal interrupts- much(prenominal)(prenominal) as divide error, INT, and INTO have higher priority than INTR t he 8086 will do a divide error interrupt response first.Hardware Interrupt ApplicationsSimple Interrupt Data InputOne of the most common uses of interrupts is to relieve a processor of the burden of polling. To refurbish your memory polling works as follows. The strobe or data havey signal from some external twisting is connected to an input port railway system on the microcomputer. The microcomputer uses a program loop to read and test this port line over and over until the data construct signal is found to be asserted. The microcomputer then exits the polling loop and reads in the data from the external device. The disadvantage of polled input or output is that while the microcomputer is polling the strobe or data ready signal, it cannot easily be doing other tasks. I n this case the data ready or strobe signal is connected to an interrupt input on the microcomputer. The microcomputer then goes about doing its other tasks until it is interrupted by a data ready signal from t he external device. An interrupt service procedure can read in or send out the desired data in a few microseconds and return execution to the interrupted program. The input and output operation then uses only a small percentage of the microprocessors time.Counting ApplicationsAs a simple example of the use of an interrupt input for dealing , suppose that we are using an 8086 to control a soft touched circuit board making railcar in our computerized electronics factory. Further suppose that we want to detect each finished board as it comes out of the forge and to keep a count with the number of boards fed in. This way we can determine if any boards were lost in the machine. To do this count on an interrupt basis, all we have to do is to detect when a board passes out of the machine and send an interrupt signal to an interrupt input on the 8086. The interrupt service procedure for that input can simply increment the board count stored in a named memory location. To detect a board coming out of the machine, we use an infrared LED, a photoresistor and two conditioning gates. The LED is positioned over the track where the boards come out, and the photoresistor is positioned below the track. When no board is between the LED and the photoresistor, the light from the LED will strike the photoresistor and turn it on. The storage battery of the photoresistor will then be low, as will the NMI input on the 8086. When a board passes between the LED and photoresistor, the light will not reach the photoresistor and turn it on. The collector of the photoresistor will then be low, as will the NMI input on the 8086.Timing ApplicationsIn this it is shown that how delay loop could be used to set the time between microcomputer operations. In the example there, we used a delay loop to take in data samples at 1 ms intervals. The self-evident disadvantage of a delay loop is that while the microcomputer is stuck in the delay loop, it cannot easily be doing other useful work. In many cases a delay loop would be a waste of the microcomputers valuable time, so we use an interrupt approach. Suppose for example, that in our 8086 controlled printed circuit board making machine we indigence to check the ph of a solution approximately every 4 min. If we used a delay loop to count off the 4 min, either the 8086 wouldnt be able to do much else or what points in the program to go check the ph.8254 Software-Programmable Timer/CounterBecause of many tasks that they can be used for in microcomputer systems, programmable timer/counters are very important for you to learn about. As you read through following sections, pay particular financial aid to the applications of this device in systems and the general procedures for initializing a programmable device such as 8254.Basic 8253 And 8254 OperationThe intel 8253 and 8254 each contain three 16 bit counters which can be programmed to operate in several different modes. The major differences are as follows1) The maximum in put clock absolute frequency for the 8253 is 2.6 MHz, the maximum clock frequency for the 8254 is 8MHz.2) The 8254 has a read back feature which allows you to latch the count in all the counters and the status of the counter at any point. The 8253 does not have this read back feature. The big advantage of these counters, however, is that you can load a count in them, start them and stop them with instructions in your program. Such a device is said to be software programmable.8259a Priority Interrupt ControllerIn a small system, for example, we might read ASCII qualitys in from a keyboard on an interrupt basis count interrupts from timer to produce a real time clock of second, minutes and hours and detect several emergency or job make conditions on an interrupt basis. Each of these interrupt applications requires a separate interrupt input. If we are working with an 8086 , we have problem here because the 8086 has only two interrupt inputs, NMI and INTR. If we save NMI for a power failure interrupt, this leaves only one input for all the other applications. For applications where we have interrupts from multiple sources, we use an external device called a priority interrupt controller.Software Interrupt ApplicationsThe software interrupt instruction INT N can be used to test any type of interrupt procedure. For example to test a type 64 interrupt procedure without the need for external hardware, we can execute the instruction INT 64.Another important use of software interrupts is to call Basic Input Output System, or BIOS, procedures in an IBM PC-type computer. These procedures in the system ROMS perform specific input or output functions, such as reading a character from the keyboard, writing some characters to the CRT, or reading some information from a disk. To call one of these procedures, you load any required parameters in some specified registers and execute an INT N instruction. N in this case is the interrupt type which vectors to the desired proced ure. Suppose that, as part of an assembly language program that you are writing to run on an IBM PC type computer, you want to send some characters to the printer. The header for the INT 17H procedure from the IBM PC BIOS listing. The DX, AH, and AL registers are used to pass the required parameters to the procedure. The procedure is used for two different operations initializing the printer port and sending a character to the printer. The operation performed by the procedure is determined by the number passed to the procedure in the AH register. AH=1 means initialize the printer port, AH=0 means print the characters in AL, and AH=2 means read the printer status and returned in AH. If an attempt to print a character was not successful for some reason, such as the printer not being turned on, not being selected, or being busy, 01 is returned in AH. The main advantage of calling procedures with software interrupts is that you dont need to worry about the absolute address where the pro cedure actually resides or about trying to link the procedure into your program. So at last every microcomputer system uses a variety of interrupts and this is all about 8086 interrupts and applications.ConclusionMicroprocessors are computers built on single IC. There can be more ICs also used for this. Most microprocessors allow normal program execution to be interrupted by some external signal or by a special instruction in the program. In response to an interrupt the microprocessor stops executing its current program and calls a procedure which sevices the interrupt. An IRET instruction at the end of the interrupt service procedure returns execution to the interrupted program. An 8086 interrupt can come from any one of three sources. One source is an external signal applied to the non-maskable interrupt (NMI) input pin or to the interrupt input pin. An interrupt caused by a signal applied to one of these inputs is referred to as a hardware interrupt. A second source of an interru pt is execution of the interrupt instruction. This is referred to as a software interrupt. The third source of an interrupt is some error condition produced in the 8086 by the execution of an instruction. An example of this is the divide by zero interrupt. If you attempt to divide an operand by zero, the 8086 will automatically interrupt the currently executing program. At the end of each instruction cycle, the 8086 checks to see if any interrupts have been requested. One of the most common uses of interrupts is to relieve a CPU of the burden of polling. To refresh your memory polling works as follows. The strobe or data ready signal from some external device is connected to an input port line on the microcomputer. The microcomputer uses a program loop to read and test this port line over and over until the data ready signal is found to be asserted. The software interrupt instruction INT N can be used to test any type of interrupt procedure. For example to test a type 64 interrupt p rocedure without the need for external hardware, we can execute the instruction INT 64. So at last we bring to an end that every microcomputer system uses a variety of interrupts and this is all about 8086 interrupts and applications.References1) DOUGLAS V.HALL, microprocessors and interfacing TaMcGRaw-Hill edition2) www.wikipedia.com3) www.google.com

Causes and Effects of Hate Crimes Essay -- Hate Crime Criminal Prejudi

Blacks were introduced to the North America during the 17th and 18th centuries through the triangular trade route, and were welcomed by chains, ropes, and all the horrors of slavery. Slavery was legalized by the US government and continued for a few hundred years, taking a civil war and sixteen presidents before it was forbidden. Even today, there is lock away much hatred between blacks and whites despite desegregation and integration some would argue that the condition of African Americans in the United States is still one of a subservient nature. Federal law defines a hate crime as whenever a victim is attacked on the basis of his or her race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or sex hate offenses are made against members of a particular group simply because of their membership in that group (Levin 4). In 1998 an African-American was brutally murdered in Texas. There are over a hundred homicides committed every year, but the military personnelner in which this life was tak en and the apparent motive of his executers leaves no doubt that this crime was filled with hate. In this brutal murder, the motivation is obvious and clear, the explanation is so simple that it virtually hits you in the face. James Byrd Jr.s death is Americas chagrin another man tortured for no reason- other than the color of his skin. I will use the Byrd murder to explore the cause and effects of hate crimes, and elbow grease to draw meaning from it so that a tragedy like this will not happen again. In the early morning of June 7, 1998, a black man was walking by a road in Jasper, Texas. James Byrd Jr. had just left a nieces bridal shower at his parents house, and was trying to tick a ride home. A car drove by and the owner of the vehicle, Shawn Berry, offered Byrd a lift in the back of the pickup. Byrd, jumped in one leg, didnt hesitate to buy out the actually kind sign little did he suspect his fate that was to follow. Angered, one of the passengers by the name of John King grabbed the wheel and drove to a dark deserted road outside of town. What happened thereafter certainly has to be one of the most nasty and horrifying crimes this country has seen since the days slavery was legal. King and the concluding member of the trio, Lawrence Brewer, got out of the truck and began beating and kicking Byrd until he was almost unconscious. Afterward, they chained him by his ankles to the back of ... ... laws to address the serious threat of hate crime. For educators, it style developing ways to open channels of cultural understanding among children. For neighborhoods, it means strengthening the bonds of community to embrace diversity and reject acts of racism (Levin viii). Society as a whole must accept the fact that we are all a part of the problem, if we are not a part of the solution. Works Cited Bragg, Richard.For Jasper, and What It Didnt Want. New York Times 27 June 1998 A8. Bragg, Richard.In Wake of Texas Killing, Black Militants and Klan Trade Words . New York Times 28 June 1998 A17. Cropper, Carol Marie.Black Man Fatally Dragged In a Possible Racial Killing. New York Times 10 June 1998 A16. Levin, Jack, and Jack McDevitt. Hate Crimes The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed. New York Plenum, 1993. Novick, Michael. White Lies, White big businessman The Fight Against White Supremacy and Reactionary Violence. Maine Common Courage Press, 1995. Pressley, Sue Anne. Down a Dark Road to Murder. Washington Post 12 June 1998 A1. racial Murder Leads Texas Town to Probe Its Prejudices. Wall Street Journal 1 October 1998 A8.

A Walk to Remember - The Human Heart :: Walk to Remember Essays

A Walk to Remember - The Human Heart A Walk to Remember, by Nicholas Sparks take you on a whirl wind journey into the depths of the human heart, and minces Landon, wizard of the main characters, to a decision so stunning it would lead him irrevocably on the road to manhood. Landon the most popular boy in Beuford High and falls unexpectedly in love with Jamie, and unpopular, bible-bearing girl. It was kismet that brought these two together, and an incurable disease that would tear them apart. Landon had recently broken up with his girlfriend of 1-1/2 old age and it was a twist of fate that make Jamie his date for the homecoming dance. They went to the dance and did not speak to each other until they were both cast a the lead in the towns Christmas play. After the play was over Landon found himself wanting, and being with Jamie every(prenominal)day, he was falling in love with her. Then came the shock of his life, Jamie revealed to him that she had Lucima. Landon was torn apart and had no idea what to do, so he turned to the bible for guidance and help. He made the decision that he loved Jamie too much to let her dreams gaucherie away, so he asked her to marry him. They were married on March 12,1959. She died shortly after that, but he never forgot her. Landon and Jamie are the too main characters in the book. Landon is the richest, most popular boy at Beuford High, and Jamie is poor, unpopular and almost nonexistent at school. Jamie helps out at the orphanage, picks up hurt animals, and carries a bible with her every where. Whereas Landon has never even thought of people without a home or money and he only opens a bible when he has to at church. In my opinion Landon is a normal teenage boy, whos only concerns are girls and cars. I think that Jamie helped him see how powerful the bible is and how it feels good to help people in need. This book takes place in Beuford, a town in North Carolina. There was a lot of foreshadowing in the book but the o ne that stands out the most is when Landon asked Jamie to the dance and she thinks for a