Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essays

Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essays Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay This lab was basically about finding the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in an aspirin tablet. First, the base was created, which was made out of 1. 00 g of NaOH and D-water. Then the buret was attached to the clamp on the ring stand and the base was poured into the buret. After that, one by one, an aspirin tablet was dropped into an Erlenmeyer flask filled with 50 mL of D-water so that it could become dissolved. After the tablet was completely dissolved, a few drops of phenol were added, and the base was added very slowly, changing the color of the mixture into a pink. The flask was to be swiveled around. This was done three times, trying to get the pink color to stay for at least two minutes. Materials: * D-water * Scale * Slop beaker * Erlenmeyer Flask x3 * Volumetric Flask * Ring Stand * Buret * Buret Clamp * Phenolphthalein * NaOH * Weighing boats * Aspirin Tablets x3 * Stirring Rod * Scoopula Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to find the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in n aspirin tablet. Theory/Intro: Aspirin possesses a number of properties that make it the most recommended drug pretty often. It is an analgesic, which means that it is very effective in pain relief. Being an anti-inflammatory agent, it is also provides some relief from the swelling associated with arthritis and minor injuries. It also reduces fever because it is an antipyretic compound. More than 40 million poun ds of aspirin are produced in the U. S. every year. This rate breaks down to about 300 tablets per year for every woman, man, and child. However, repeated use may cause gastrointestinal bleeding, and large doses can provoke a host of reactions including vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, and hallucinations. The average dose is approximately 0. 3-1 g, but single doses of 10-30 g can be deadly. The most important compound in the synthesis of aspirin, salicylic acid, is prepared from phenol by a process discovered over 100 years ago by a German chemist Hermann Kolbe. Also known as acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin has a chemical formula of C9H8O4. Aspirin is sold over the counter and comes in many different forms. You can have white tablets to chewing gum and rectal suppositories. Also available are coated, chewable, buffered and extended release forms. Over the counter medicines like Alka-Seltzer Original Effervescent Antacid Pain Reliever, contains aspirin for pain relief. Aspirin belongs to a group of drugs called salicylates. Aspirin isn’t so easy on the stomach because it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and provides quick and relatively long-lasting pain relief. Aspirin also reduces inflammation. Researchers believe these effects come about because aspirin blocks the production of pain-producing chemicals which are called prostaglandins. While it does relieve pain and reduce inflammation, it also lowers fever by acting on the part of the brain that regulates temperature. The brain then sends signals to the blood vessels to widen, which allow any heat to leave the body more effectively. Procedures: 1. Make 100 mL of 0. 20M NaOH solution. 2. Find mass of one tablet. 3. Dissolve tablet in flask using, 50mL of D-water. Use a stirring rod to assist in crushing and dissolving the tablet. There should be some powdery substances on the bottom of the flask, it’s the starches put in the tablets. 4. While one partner is dissolving the tablet the other one should be setting up the buret and stand. Place the clamp on the stand. Next wash the buret with a little D-water before placing the buret on the clamp. Next fill the buret with NaOH solution up to a place above the â€Å"O† marking on the buret. Open the buret, to allow some of the base to run into a slop beaker thus filling the tip. Make sure the level of the liquid is now below the zero mark. Record the reading after filling the tip. 5. Add several drops of the indicator, phenolphthalein, to the flask. 6. Slowly add the base while swirling the flask. Continue add base until a faint pink color stays in flask. Record the value from the buret. Add a few drops more and see if the color stays and changes. You do not want a dark purple color. Record the final value of base needed. 7. Repeat the process for two more tablets, for three in total. Refill the buret after each trial. Drawing Observations: 1. The aspirin tablets were white. 2. The aspirin tablets had a smooth texture. 3. The aspirin tablets were odorless. 4. The NaOH was a frosted white color. 5. The NaOH was odorless. 6. The base was a clear color; no powdery substances were left behind. . When the NaOH was put in D-water it dissolved thoroughly leaving nothing behind. 8. When the aspirin tablets were put in D-water they took a while to dissolve. 9. When the aspirin tablets were finally dissolved, powdery substances were left behind. 10. When the base was mixed with the dissolved aspirin tablets nothing happened. 11. When the drops of phenol were added, then the mixture turn ed pink. 12. At first, the base was added to quickly so it turned into a dark pink, almost purple. 13. After swiveling the mixture a few times it would lose its pink coloring and turn back into a clear color. 4. At the second try, the base turned into a medium pink color. 15. It stood pink for a longer period of time, approximately 1 minute. 16. The mixtures for all three trials were odorless. 17. At the last try, the base was a light pink color, and it stayed for two minutes. 18. When too much base was added to the phenol/ dissolved aspirin, the mixture would turn into a dark pink. 19. When the base was added in slowly, the pink color lasted a longer time. 20. The faster the base was added, the darker the mixture got, and the longer it took to return to its original clear color. Conclusion: One source of error could’ve been that the NaOH solution that was poured into the buret wasn’t at the zero mark. This could have affected the end results because if it wasn’t at the zero mark that means that we had more liquid then needed, so when the base was poured into the phenol/dissolved aspirin mixture the recordings weren’t accurate. That means that the calculations were thrown off because the wrong amount was used. Another source of error could’ve been that when the 1. 00 g of NaOH was measured it wasn’t exact. The scale is very sensitive and maybe breathing could’ve affected the outcome. This affects our results because now there isn’t as much NaOH as there should be in the base, which could cause a difference when the aspirin and phenol are mixed with base. The color could’ve maybe stayed for longer. The last source of error could’ve been that the base was poured in too quickly from the buret, causing the color change to be off.

Special Greetings in English for ESL Learners

Special Greetings in English for ESL Learners It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidays and other special occasions. Here are some of the most common: Birthdays Happy birthday!Best wishes/Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday!Many happy returns! Wedding/Anniversary Congratulations!Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary!Heres to many more happy years together (used when making a toast) Special Holidays Merry Christmas!Happy New Year/Easter/Hanukkah/Ramadan etc.All the best for a happy New Year/Easter/Hanukkah/Ramadan etc. When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is also common to ask them what they received: Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you? Special Occasions Congratulations on your promotion!All the best for your ...Im so proud of you! More Social Language Key Phrases IntroductionsGreetingsSpeaking to StrangersTraveling phrases

Blogs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blogs - Assignment Example The blog is using facts and opinion with the numbers and statistical data on bullying and other forms of antisocial behavior highlighted. The blog is reflecting with how the past was structured and the difference that is seen in comparison to the present attributes of anti-social behavior. There is a photo of a young lady with a computer that appears disgusted or broken by a picture or a post that she has seen on her computer. The photo is social how the computer may influence a person if only it’s written badly and in the process lead to bullying and other forms of anti-social behavior. This article looks at the influence of social media on teens. In the blog the writer asserts that there are detrimental effects not only on their social behavior but also on their academic performance. The article is examining the difference that may be witnessed in future with more students in the current generation using the same platform for all their academic work. The blog is based on opinions that have been generated from deductive reasoning by the writer. The blog does not quote other writers but has deduced its argument from a single analogy and is projecting the same to be the case into the future. The last blog looks at the influence of social networking in children and uses the opinion by other cites and also factual information to conclude that it being affected badly. There are less face to face conversations and the children are going to grow with depleted connections with the other members of the society. The blog looks at the past and future effects of social media and does not see any form of better social behavior coming from the social media

Abortion Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abortion Issue - Essay Example Regarding the abortion dilemma, here we should adhere to the point that killing a person is a bad action, probably the worst thing to do, according to Kantian Deontology. If a fetus is a person, killing it through abortion beyond dispute is an immoral action, because it has intrinsically immoral roots. Moreover, taking into consideration the fact that a fetus is a person that can’t protect itself and completely depends on another human being, abortion appears to be an extremely atrocious kind of murder. According to Kant, such act as murder shouldn’t be committed under any circumstances ever, because it violates any rules of morality and doing it is unfair towards another person; especially if this person is a weaker vessel which a fetus is. Mill’s position on the matter of abortion is less strict and flexible than the Kantian one. Mill’s Utilitarian doctrine is based on the Greatest Happiness Principle, which claims that people should correlate their acti ons and decisions with their own utility; they should also don’t make any harm to other people, trying to reduce the overall quantity of unhappiness in the world. The fact that a fetus is a person and has a right to live seems to make the resolution of the abortion issue similar to the Kantian one because killing a person can’t bring much happiness to normal people. If to pay closer attention to different circumstances that make women bent on abortion, it turns out that in some cases abortion can be a moral resolution of a case.

Stereotypes prejudice Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes prejudice Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: ?Race ?Ethnicity ?Religion ?Gender ?Sexual orientation ?Age ?Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Disability People think disability is a sickness People think they are a mence to others and society Disabled people are different and are not fully human. Gender Female role of taking care of the kids Male role of being the breadwinner androgyny, which is the blending of feminine and masculine attributes in the same individual. Age Ageism Senile or Demented Unproductive and uncreative Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. ?What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? Some aspects of stereotyping can be GOOD, BUT I HAVE YET TO SEE ANY THAT I WOULD CONSIDER GOOD. STEREOTYPING IS A WAY FOR US TO. CATERGORIZE A PERSON OR GROUP INTO SOMETHING WE CAN NOT FEEL BAD FOR NOT LIKING. ?What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? Negative aspects of stereotyping play a big Copyright  © 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet ETH/125 Version 8 2 ROLE ON A PERSON. STEROTYPING PEOPLE IN A NEGATIVE MANNER HAS A LASTING DETRIMENTAL IMPACT ON THOSE WHO EXPERIENCE THE PREJUDICE. PEOPLE PERFORM POORLY IN SITUATIONS WHERE THEY FEEL THEY ARE BEING STEREOTYPED. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. ?Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. ?A stereotype is a belief about a certain group of people. Prejudice is a feeling about a person based on their membership in a group. Both stereotypes and prejudice can be either positive or negative. Discrimination is an action that denies the rights of a person due to their membership in a group. ?What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? Prejudice- ignorantly judging based on[stereotypes] pre conceptions. Pre- Judging someone before having the knowledge of who they are. Ex. I have a prejudice towards all teenaged mothers, because I assume they all slept around to get pregnant, because thats what my sister did. ( which doesnt make every ones situation the same. stereotypes- classifying groups of people based on race, gender, religion, creed, ethnicity, etc. Then believing all people who belong to that group are the same Ex: All homeless people arent educated. Iggnorance is what is the realtionship between the two of them. People being ignorant and making assumptions is found in both prejudice and sterotypes. ?What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Here are some examples that I think would help with preventing prejudice. It may not stop it all together, but it would help the situations from being uncomfortable. . Celebrate holidays with extended family. Use such opportunities to encourage storytelling and share personal experiences across generations. Invite friends from backgrounds different from your own to experience the joy of your traditions and customs. Be mindful of your language; avoid stereotypical remarks and challenge those made by others. Speak out against jokes and slurs that target people or groups. Silence sends a message that you are in agreement. It is not enough to refuse to laugh. Copyright  © 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet ETH/125 Version 8 3 Copyright  © 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.

The Author as Creator in Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein essays

The Author as Creator in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mary Shelley's Frankenstein can be read as an allegory for the creative act of authorship. Victor Frankenstein, the 'modern Prometheus' seeks to attain the knowledge of the Gods, to enter the sphere of the creator rather than the created. Like the Author, too, he apes the ultimate creative act; he transgresses in trying to move into the feminine arena of childbirth.    Myths of divine creation are themselves part of the historical process that seeks to de-throne the feminine; this is the history of Art, itself at first denied to women as an outlet of self-expression. It is a process recorded in Art itself, in stories like that of Prometheus. Prometheus in earlier myths stole fire from the Gods (analogous to the author at his craft). Later he was credited not just as Man's benefactor but as his creator. Man creates God through myth so as to have a power to will towards.    At this point text, analogy, and reality twist upon each other. As Victor moves into the female space of the womb, an act of creation aped by the Gods in mythology and religion, Mary Shelley as author moves into the male domain of art, aping the creative power of the Gods.    Reading Frankenstein as an analogy for Art can be more fruitful if done within the framework of Oscar Wilde's essay, 'The Decay of Lying', in which the author argues that the artist creates the world and not just imitates it: this will conclude this essay.    At the meal between mortals and the Gods at Mecone, Prometheus tricked Zeus into accepting the bones over the choicest entrails. Man was punished by the denial of fire; Prometheus again defied the Gods in stealing it. As punishment, he was chained to a cl... ...he transition of the story to film, 'Frankenstein' has often mistakenly been used to signify the monster. This transition itself reflects the process of progression and substitution. As in the case of the non-existent deerstalker that Conan-Doyle never wrote about, celluloid representations have come to denote the essence, supposedly, of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.    Works Cited    March, Jenny. "Prometheus." The Cassell Dictionary of Classical Mythology. London: Cassell, 1998.    Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus. 1818. Ed. James Reiger. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1982.    Waxman, Barbara Fry. "The Tragedy of the Promethean Overreacher as Woman." Papers on Language and Literature 23 1 (1987): 14-26.    Wilde, Oscar. "The Decay of Lying." Oscar Wilde. Ed. Isobel Murray. The Oxford Authors. Oxford: OUP, 1989.

Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 11

The next few hours were the worst of Phil's life. First and foremost was his mother. As soon as shewalked in, Phil's priorities changed from wanting herto comfort him to wanting to comfort her. And ofcourse there wasn't any comfort. All he could do was hold on to her. It's too cruel, he thought dimly. There ought to be a way to tell her. But she would never believe it, andif she did, she'd be in danger,too†¦. Eventually the paramedics did come, but only afterDr. Franklin had arrived. â€Å"I called him,† James said to Phil during one ofthe interludes when Phil's mom was crying on Cliff. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"To keep things simple. In this state, doctors can issue a death certificate if they've seen you withinthe last twenty days and they know the cause ofdeath. We don't want any hospitals or coroners.† Phil shook his head. â€Å"Why? What's your problemwith hospitals?† â€Å"My problem,† James said in a clipped, distinctvoice. â€Å"is that in hospitals they do autopsies.† Phil froze. He opened his mouth but no sound came out. â€Å"And in funeral homes they do embalming. Whichis why I need to be around when they come to pick up the body. I need to influence their minds not toembalm her, or sew her lips shut, or-â€Å" Phil bolted for the bathroom and was sick. Hehated James again. But nobody took Poppy to the hospital; and Dr.Franklin didn't mention an autopsy. He just heldPhil's mother's hand and spoke quietly about how these things could happen suddenly, and how at leastPoppy had been spared any pain. â€Å"But she was so much better today,† Phil's motherwhispered through tears. â€Å"Oh, my baby, my baby.She'd been getting worse, but today she was better. â€Å" â€Å"It happens like that sometimes,† Dr. Franklinsaid. â€Å"It's almost as if they rally for a last burst of life.† â€Å"But I wasn'ttherefor her,† Phil's mom said, andnow there weren't any tears, just the terrible gratingsound of guilt. â€Å"She was alone when she died.† Phil said, â€Å"She was asleep. She just went to sleepand never woke up. If you look at her, you can seehow peaceful it was.† He kept saying things like that, and so did Cliff andso did the doctor, and eventually the paramedicswent away. And sometime after that, while hismother was sitting on Poppy's bed and stroking herhair, the people from the mortuary came. â€Å"Just give me a few minutes,† Phil's mother said, dry-eyed and pale. â€Å"I need a few minutes alonewith her.† The mortuary men sat awkwardly in the family room, and James stared at them. Phil knew what wasgoing on. James was fixing in their minds the factthat there was to be no embalming. â€Å"Religious reasons, is that it?† one of the men saidto Cliff, breaking a long silence. Cliff stared at him, eyebrows coming together.†What are you talking about?† The man nodded. â€Å"I understand. It's no problem.† Phil understood, too. Whatever the man was hearing, it wasn't what Cliff was saying. â€Å"The only thing is, you'll want to have the viewingright away,† the other man said to Cliff. â€Å"Or else a closed casket.† â€Å"Yes, it was unexpected,† Cliff said, his facestraightening out. â€Å"It's been a very short illness.† So nowhewasn't hearing what the men were saying. Phil looked at James and saw sweat trickling down his face. Clearly it was a struggle to controlthree minds at once. At last Cliff went in and got Phil's mother. He ledher to the master bedroom to keep her from seeing what happened next. What happened was that the two men went into- Poppy's room with a body bag and a gurney. Whenthey came out, there was a small, delicate hump in the bag. Phil felt himself losing rationality again. He wantedto knock things down. He wanted to run a marathonto get away. Instead, his knees started to buckle and his visiongrayed out. Hard arms held him up, led him to a chair. â€Å"Hangon,† James said. â€Å"Just a few more minutes. It's al most over.† Right then Phil could almost forgive him for being a bloodsucking monster. It was very late that night when everyone finallywent to bed. To bed, not to sleep. Phil was one solid ache of misery from his throat down to his feet, andhe lay awake with the light on until the sun came up. The funeral home was like a Victorian mansion,and the room Poppy was in was filled with flowersand people. Poppy herself was in a white casket with gold fittings, and from far away she looked as if shewere sleeping. Phil didn't like to look at her. He looked insteadat the visitors who kept coming in and filling theviewing room and the dozens of wooden pews. He'd never realized how many people loved Poppy. â€Å"She was so full of life,† her English teacher said. â€Å"I can't believe she's gone,† a guy from Phil's football team said. â€Å"I'll never forget her,† one of her friends said,crying. Phil wore a dark suit and stood with his motherand Cliff. It was like a receiving line for a wedding.His mother kept saying, â€Å"Thank you for coming,†and hugging people. The people went over and touched the casket gently and cried. And in the process of greeting so many mourners,something strange happened. Phil got drawn in. Thereality of Poppy's death was so real that all the vampire stuff began to seem like a dream. Bit by bit, hestarted to believe the story he was acting out. After all, everybody else was so sure. Poppy hadgotten cancer, and now she was dead. Vampires were just superstition. James didn't come to the viewing.- Poppy was dreaming. She was walking by the ocean with James. It waswarm and she could smell salt and her feet were wetand sandy. She was wearing a new bathing suit, thekind that changes color when it gets wet. She hoped James would notice the suit, but he didn't say anything about it. Then she realized he was wearing a mask. That was strange, because he was going to get avery weirdtan with most of his face covered up. â€Å"Shouldn't you take that off?† she said, thinkinghe might need help. â€Å"I wear it for my health,† James said-only itwasn't James's voice. Poppy was shocked. She reached out and pulledthe mask away. It wasn't James. It was a boy with ash blond hair,even lighter than Phil's. Why hadn't she noticed hishair earlier? His eyes were green-and then they were blue. â€Å"Who are you?† Poppy demanded. She was afraid. â€Å"That would be telling.† He smiled. His eyes wereviolet. Then he lifted his hand, and she saw that hewas holding a poppy. At least, it was shaped like apoppy, but it was black. He caressed hercheek withthe flower. â€Å"Just remember,† hesaid, still smiling whimsically.†Bad magic happens.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Bad magic happens,† he said and turned andwalked away. She found herself holding the poppy.He didn't ‘leave any footprints in the sand. Poppy was alone and the ocean was roaring. Clouds were gathering overhead. She wanted towake up now, but she couldn't, and she was aloneand scared. She dropped the flower as anguish surged through her. â€Å"James!† Phil sat up in bed, heart pounding. God, what had that been? Something like ashout in Poppy's voice. I'm hallucinating. Which wasn't surprising. It was Monday, the dayof Poppy's funeral. In-Phil glanced at the clockabout four hours he had to be at the church. Nowonder he was dreaming about her. But she had sounded so scared†¦. Phil put the thought out of his mind. It wasn'teven hard. He'd convinced himself that Poppy wasdead, and dead people didn't shout. At the funeral, though, Phil got a shock. His fatherwas there. He was even wearing something resembling a suit, although the jacket didn't match thetrousers and his tie was askew. â€Å"I came as soon as I heard†¦.† â€Å"Well, wherewere you?† Phil's mother said, thefine lines of strain showing around her eyes, the way they always did when she had to deal with Phil's father. â€Å"Backpacking in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Nexttime, I swear, I'll leave an address. I'll check my messages†¦.He began to cry. Phil's mom didn't sayanything else. She just reached for him, and Phil'sheart twisted at the way they clung to each other. He knew his dad was irresponsible and hopelesslybehind in child support and flaky and a failure. But nobody had ever loved Poppy more. Right then, Philcouldn't disapprove of him, not even with Cliff standing there for comparison. The shock came when his dad turned to Phil beforethe service. â€Å"You know, she came to me last night,† he said in a low voice. â€Å"Her spirit, I mean. She visited me.† Phil looked at him. This was the kind of weird statement that had brought on the divorce. His fatherhad always talked about peculiar dreams and seeingthings that weren't there. Not to mention collecting articles about astrology, numerology, and UFOs. â€Å"I didn't see her, but I heard her calling. I just wishshe hadn't sounded so frightened. Don't tell yourmother, but I got the feeling she's not at rest.† Heput his hands over his face. Phil felt every hair on the back of his neck standup. But the spooky feeling was drowned almost immediately in the sheer grief of the funeral. In hearingthings like â€Å"Poppy will live on forever in our heartsand memories.† A silver hearse led the way to ForestPark cemetery, and everyone stood in the June sunshine as the minister said some last words overPoppy's casket. By the time Phil had to put a rose on the casket, he was shaking. It was a terrible time. Two of Poppy's girlfriendscollapsed in near-hysterical sobs. Phillip's motherdoubled over and had to be led away from the casket.There was no time to think-then or at the potluckat Phil's house afterward. But it was at the house that Phil's two worlds collided. In the middle of all the milling confusion, hesaw James. He didn't know what to do. James didn't fit intowhat was going on here. Phil had half a mind togo over and tell him to get out, that the sick jokewas over. Before he could do anything, James walked up and said under his breath, â€Å"Be ready at eleven o'clock tonight.† Phil was jolted. â€Å"For what?† â€Å"Just be ready, okay? And have some of Poppy'sclothes with you. Whatever won't be missed.† Phil didn't say anything, and James gave him an exasperated sideways look. â€Å"We have to get her out,stupid. Or did you wantto leave her there?† Crash. That was the sound of worlds colliding. For a moment Phil was spinning in space with his feeton neither one. Then with the normal world in shards around him, he leaned against a wall and whispered, â€Å"I can't. Ican't do it. You're crazy.† â€Å"You're the one who's crazy. You're acting like itnever happened. And you have to help, because I can't do it alone. She's going to be disoriented at first, like a sleepwalker. She'llneed you.† That galvanized Phil. He jerked to stand up straightand whispered, â€Å"Did you hear her last night?† James looked away. â€Å"She wasn't awake. She was just dreaming.† â€Å"How could we hear her from so far away? Evenmy dadheard it. Listen.† He grabbed James by thelapel of his jacket. â€Å"Are you sure she's okay?† â€Å"A minute ago you were convinced she was dead and gone. Now you want guarantees that she's fine. Well, I can't give you any.† He stared Phil down with eyes as cold as gray ice. â€Å"I've never done this before, all right? I'm just going by the book. And there are always things that can go wrong.But,†he said terselywhen Phil opened his mouth, â€Å"the one thing I doknow is that if we leave her where she is, she's goingto have a very unpleasant awakening. Get it?† Phil's hand unclenched slowly and he let go of thejacket. â€Å"Yeah. I'm sorry. I just can't believe any ofthis.† He looked up to see that James's expressionhad softened slightly. â€Å"But if she was yelling last night, then she was alive then, right?† â€Å"And strong,† James said. â€Å"I've never known a stronger telepath. She's really going to be something.† Phil tried not to picture what. Of course, Jameswas a vampire, and he looked perfectly normalmost of the time. But Phil's mind kept throwing outpictures of Poppy as a Hollywood monster. Red eyes,chalky skin, and dripping teeth. If she came out like that, he'd try to love her. Butpart of him might want to get a stake. Forest Park cemetery was completely.different at night. The darkness seemed very thick. There was a sign on the iron gate that said, â€Å"No visitors after sunset,† but the gate itself was open. I don't want to be here, Phil thought. James drove down the single lane road that curvedaround the cemetery and parked underneath a hugeand ancient gingko tree. â€Å"What if somebody sees us? Don't they have aguard or something?† â€Å"They have a night watchman. He's asleep. I tookcare of it before I picked you up.† James got out andbegan unloading an amazing amount of equipmentfrom the backseat of the Integra. Two heavy duty flashlights. A crowbar. Some old boards. A couple of tarps. And two brand-new shovels. â€Å"Help me carry this stuff.† â€Å"What's it allfor?†But Phil helped. Gravelcrunched under his feet as he followed James on oneof the little winding paths. They went up some weathered wooden stairs and down the other sideand then they were in Toyland. That was what somebody at the funeral had calledit. Phil had overheard two business friends of Cliff'stalking about it. It was a section of the cemetery where mostly kids were buried. You could tell without even looking at the headstones because therewere teddy bears and things on the graves. Poppy's grave was right on the edge of Toyland. Itdidn't have a headstone yet, of course. There was only a green plastic marker. James dumped his armload on the grass and thenknelt to examine the ground with a flashlight. Phil stood silently, looking around the cemetery.He was still scared, partly with the normal fear that they'd get caught before they got finished, and partlywith the supernatural fear that they wouldn't.Theonly sounds were crickets and distant traffic. Treebranches and bushes moved gently in the wind. â€Å"Okay,† James said. â€Å"First we've got to peel this sod off.† â€Å"Huh?† Phil hadn't even thought about why therewas already grass on the new grave. But of course itwas sod. James had found the edge of one strip and was rolling it up like a carpet. Phil found another edge. The strips were about sixfeet long by one and a half feet wide. They wereheavy, but it wasn't too hard to roll them up and off the foot of the grave. â€Å"Leave 'em there. We've got to put them on againafterward,† James grunted. â€Å"We don't want it to lookas if this place has been disturbed.† A light went on for Phil.†That'swhy the tarpsand stuff.† â€Å"Yeah. A little mess won't be suspicious. But if weleave dirt scattered everywhere, somebody's going towonder.† James laid the boards around the perimeterof the grave, then spread the tarps on either side.Phil helped him straighten them. What was left where the sod had been was fresh,loamy soil. Phil positioned aflashlight and picked upa shovel. I don't believe I'm doing this, he thought. But he was doing it. And as long as all he thoughtabout was the physical work, the job of digging a hole in the ground, he was okay. He concentrated on that and stepped on the shovel. It went straight into the dirt, with no resistance. It was easy to spade up one shovelful of dirt and drop it onto the tarp. But by about the thirtieth shovelful,he was getting tired. â€Å"This is insane. We need a backhoe,† he said, wiping his forehead. â€Å"You can rest if you want,† James said coolly. Phil understood. James was the backhoe. He wasstronger than anyone Phil had ever seen. He pitchedup shovelful after shovelful of dirt without even straining. He made it look like fun. â€Å"Whydon't we have you on any. of the teams atschool?† Phil said, leaning heavily on his shovel. â€Å"I prefer individual sports. Like wrestling,† Jamessaid and grinned, just for a moment, up at Phil. It was the kind of locker-room remark that couldn't be misunderstood from one guy to another. He meantwrestling with, for instance, Jacklyn and Michaela. And, just at that particular moment, Phil couldn't help grinning back. He couldn't summon up anyrighteous disapproval. Even with James, it took a long time to dig thehole. It was wider than Phil would have thought necessary. When his shovel finallychunkedon somethingsolid, he found out why. â€Å"It's the vault,† James said. â€Å"Whatvault?† â€Å"The burial vault. They put the coffin inside it so it doesn't get crushed if the ground collapses. Get outand hand me the crowbar.† Phil climbed out of the hole and gave him thecrowbar. He could see the vault now. It was made ofunfinished concrete and he guessed that it was just a rectangular box with a lid. James was prying thelid off with the crowbar. â€Å"There,† James said, with an explosive grunt as he lifted the lid and slid it, by degrees, behind the concrete box. That was why the hole was so wide, toaccommodate the lid on one side and James on theother. And now, looking straight down into the hole, Philcould see the casket. A huge spray of slightly crushedyellow roses was on top. James was breathing hard, but Phil didn't think itwas with exertion. His own lungs felt as if they werebeing squeezed flat, and his heart was thudding hardenough to shake his body. â€Å"Oh, God,† he said quietly and with no particular emphasis. James looked up. â€Å"Yeah. This is it.† He pushed theroses down toward the foot of the casket. Then, inwhat seemed like slow motion to Phillip, he began unfastening latches on the casket's side. When they were unfastened, he paused for just aninstant, both hands flat on the smooth surface of thecasket. Then he lifted the upper panel, and Phillip could see what was inside.

Grammar Translation Method Overview Essay

According to Fromkin (2011), grammar translation is a technique or method of second-language learning in which the student memorizes words and syntactic rules and translates them between the native language and target language. In other words, grammar translation method is a foreign language teaching that requires students to translate words and memorize. The goal is to make sure that the student able to read and translate the target language. Grammar translation method is a traditional method and was originally used to teach ‘dead’ languages (and literatures) such as Latin and Greek, involving little or no spoken communication or listening comprehension. The original purpose by using this method is to help students read and appreciate foreign language literature so that student can become more familiar with the grammar of their native language. This familiarity will help them speak and write their native language better. It was thought that foreign language learning would help students grow intellectually. Language learning is an upright intellectual workout for students. Knowledge of the target language and mother tongue would endow students mentally and it was predictable that students would probably never use the target language but the mental exercise of learning it would be useful anyhow. Many methodologies to second or foreign language teaching have been developed over the years. There are two broad categories that fall from second-language teaching method: the synthetic approach and analytic approach. Synthetic method emphases on the teaching of grammatical, lexical, phonological and functional units of the language step by step. This is a bottom-up method, a method that begins with the small units like phones and proceeds stepwise to increasingly larger units and often ending in a semantic interpretation. On the contrary, analytic approaches are more top-down. Top-down is a method that begins with the assumption that a large syntactic unit such as a sentence is present and the analyses it into successfully smaller constituents which are compared with the sensory or acoustic data to validate the analysis. With the aim of clarifying, grammar transmission method or GTM can be traced by its certain features. GTM characteristics and principals are: * Translation of a literary passage * The ability of communicating in the target language is not a goal * Memorization * The primary skills to be improved are reading and writing * Its focus is on accuracy, not fluency * The authority in the classroom is the teacher Therefore, by following all this features; classes should be taught in the mother tongue or student’s native language, with little active use of the target language or second language. Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated words, along with long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar. Grammar provides the rule for putting words together, and instruction often focuses on the form and inflection of words. The reading activity of reading difficult classical texts is begun early and little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercise in grammatical analysis.

Greatness of a simple tree essays

Greatness of a simple tree essays A Separate Peace, a novel written by John Knowles, has many great themes about competition, friendship, and growing up. The great symbol is a very tall tree by the Devon River. The tree symbolizes war, adulthood, and friendships. The tree is a great symbol to both Finny and Gene. Even though the tree doesnt say a single word throughout the whole book, it plays a huge character. There are many reasons on why something as simple as a tree can play a huge role in Finny and Genes life. War, adulthood, and friendship are three ways the tree is a huge symbol. First, it symbolizes war. During the time Finny and Gene were in the Devon school they were trying to get ready to fight in World War II. One day Finny and Gene went to the tree and saw many of the senior boys in Devon jumping out of it. When seeing them jump, Finny decides that they need to start training to fight in the war to. Finny is the first of the two to jump. When he gets to the limb he says, Well here is my contribution to the war efforts! (Page 8) and jumps. Gene is next; he reaches the branch to jump off of. He stands on the branch in fright. Finny waiting at the bottom of the tree yells, Come on, when they torpedo the troopships you cant just stand there admiring the view, JUMP!!(Page 9) Gene thought about this for a few more seconds and then jumps. The way the Devon boys are jumping out of the tree makes it a symbol of war. Next, it symbolizes adulthood. The author, John Knowles, created the ch aracter Leper Lepellier, someone that never thought about growing up. The author made it to where he never jumps out of the tree like everyone else does. Instead, he just watches everyone else jump. One day the Devon school had a recruit officer show a video where all the soldiers were skiing. Leper thought that if skiing was what the war was about then he wanted to get into it. After the movie he went and enlisted into the army. Not lon...

Thulium Facts

Thulium Facts Thulium is one of the rarest of the rare earth metals. This silver-gray metals share many common properties with other lanthanides but also displays some unique characteristics. Here is a look at some interesting thulium facts: Although the rare earth elements arent all that rare, they are so-named because they are difficult to extract from their ores and purify. Thulium actually is the least abundant of the rare earths.Thulium metal is soft enough that it can be cut with a knife. Like other rare earths, it is malleable and ductile.Thulium has a silvery appearance. It is fairly stable in air. It reacts slowly in water and more quickly in acids.Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve discovered thulium in 1879 from an analysis of the mineral erbia, a source of several rare earth elements.Thulium is named for the early name for Scandinavia- Thule.The principal source of thulium is the mineral monazite, which contains thulium at a concentration of  about 20 parts per million.Thulium is not toxic, although it has no known biological function.Natural thulium consists of one stable isotope, Tm-169. 32 radioactive isotopes of thulium have been produced, with atomic masses ranging from 146 to 177.The most common oxidati on state of thulium is Tm3. This trivalent ion most commonly forms green compounds. When excited, Tm3 emits a strong blue fluorescence. One interesting fact is that this fluorescence, along with red from europium Eu3  and green from terbium Tb3, is used as security markers in Euro banknotes. The fluorescence appears when the notes are held under black or ultraviolet light. Because of its rarity and expense, there are not many uses for thulium and its compounds. However, it is used to dope YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers, in ceramic magnetic materials, and as a radiation source (after bombardment in a reactor) for portable x-ray equipment. Thulium Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: Thulium Atomic Number: 69 Symbol: Tm Atomic Weight: 168.93421 Discovery: Per Theodor Cleve 1879 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2 Element Classification: Rare Earth (Lanthanide) Word Origin: Thule, the ancient name of Scandinavia. Density (g/cc): 9.321 Melting Point (K): 1818 Boiling Point (K): 2220 Appearance: soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal Atomic Radius (pm): 177 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 18.1 Covalent Radius (pm): 156 Ionic Radius: 87 (3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.160 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 232 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.25 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 589 Oxidation States: 3, 2 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.540 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.570 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table

Discuss the presence of islamic banking in Palestine Essay - 1

Discuss the presence of islamic banking in Palestine - Essay Example g products as per the needs of the targeted population, investors in Palestine sought to address the need of having a banking system that would be in line with Islamic laws and practices. The main that the Islamic law prohibits is that of money accruing interest, which is factor that dates back to the time of Prophet Muhammad (El Tiby 2010, p. 7). The interest for Palestine to start Islamic banks began in 1990 when businessmen started to push for the idea. This process began by the Muslim businessmen establishing a Finance Company that was to operate on Islamic principles, because the Israeli authorities had refused to oblige to this request. The company was named the Beit Elmal Al Philisti that was licensed for operation on 22 February 1994. Presently, banks in Palestine are classified as either conventional or Islamic banks with 83 % being the percentage of the conventional banks while the rest are the Islamic banks in The region (Sabri 2009, p. 58). The Islamic banks operating in Palestine include the Palestine Islamic Bank, Islamic Arab Bank, Cairo Amman Bank and Al-Aqsa Islamic Bank that were established between 1995 and 1998 (Palestine Investment Fund 2014). The main challenge that banks face is the fact that they have to compete in the same market as banks that were established more than 60 years ago such as the Arab Bank. However, this has not deterred these banks from making profits because they also provide investment opportunities that are attractive to the markets they target. Additionally, investment opportunities are scarce making competition between banks to be stiff and making it hard for new banks to penetrate this market (Gompert et al 2001, p. 121). Islamic banks, however, got into business based on them developing products such as Mudaraba, Musharaka, and Murabaha that provided new investment opportunities (Askari, Iqbal & Mirakhor 2011, n.p). The banks also had to devise new pricing so that they could attract profits based on the commission